Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Change Analysis of Twin Cities (1981–2023), A study of spatial and temporal land cover transformations, What is LULC?, Land Use Land Cover (LULC) refers to the classification of the Earth’s surface into categories like vegetation, water, urban areas, etc., Why LULC Analysis Is Important, Tracks environmental changes over time, supports urban planning and sustainability, helps manage agriculture, water, and forest resources, aids in disaster risk and climate impact assessment., LULC Classes Used, Agriculture Land, Croplands used for farming, Forest, Tree-covered areas, Natural Vegetation, Grasslands, shrubs, bushes, Rock Areas, Bare rock surfaces or mountains, Salinity, Salt-affected lands, Sand, Sandy desert or dunes, Settlements, Urban/residential/built-up areas, Water Bodies, Lakes, rivers, reservoirs, Average Area of Each Class (1981–2023), Bar Graph: Showing average area for each class (already calculated)., Year-wise LULC Change Summary (Simple Form), 1981–1991, Agriculture, forest, and water bodies dominate. Settlements and sand areas are minimal. Balanced environment with large green cover., 1991–1996, Increase in agriculture and forest areas. Settlements reduced slightly. Natural vegetation doubled, showing regrowth., 1996–2001, Natural vegetation peaks. Rock and settlements decline. Water bodies shrink moderately., 2001–2006, No significant change from previous phase. Land uses appear stable., 2006–2012, Huge drop in settlements and agriculture. Natural vegetation and water bodies increase. Sand area starts rising—possible degradation., 2013–2016, Settlements and sand area rise sharply. Forest area drops notably. Water bodies shrink—indicating water stress., 2016–2020, Salinity and sand increase drastically. Agriculture and vegetation drop. Water and forest further decline., 2020–2023, Settlements grow again. Water bodies hit lowest value. Slight recovery in forest; salinity decreases., Reasons for LULC Change, Urban expansion in Islamabad & Rawalpindi, Population growth and land demand, Deforestation and land degradation, Water scarcity and climate variability, Sand encroachment due to loss of vegetation, Conclusion, LULC change is dynamic and alarming. Urban and environmental management is critical. Need for sustainable land practices and water conservation.